异名:Equisetum arvense L. f. ramulosum (Rupr.) Klinge (synonym)、Equisetum arvense L. subsp. boreale (Bong.) A. loeve (synonym)、Equisetum arvense L. subsp. ramulosum (Rupr.) Rapp. (synonym)、Equisetum arvense L. var. boreale (Bong.) Rupr. (synonym)、Equisetum arvense L. var. campestre Milde (synonym)、Equisetum arvense L. var. ramulosum Rupr. (synonym)、Equisetum boreale Bong. (synonym)、Equisetum campestre Schultz (synonym)
俗名:马草 (MǎCǎo) Chinese、土麻黄 (TǔMáHuáng) Chinese、笔头草 (BǐTóuCǎo) Chinese
图版71: 3-5
Equisetum arvense L., Sp. Pl. 2: 1061. 1753; C. B. Clarke in Trans. Linn. Soc. II. Bot. 1: 594. 1880; Baker, Handb. Fern Allies 2. 1887: Christ in Bull. Acad. Geor-gr. Bot. 11: 271. 1902; C. Chr. in Meddel. Fran Goteb. Bot. Tr. 44: 108. 1924; Iljinin Kom., Fl. URSS. 1: 103. 1934: Schaffner et L. C. Li in Bull. Fan Mem. Inst. Biol. Bot. 9: 132. 1939; Rothm. in Fedde, Repert. Sp. Nov. 54: 77. 1944; S. H. Fu, Ill. Important Chinese Pl., Pterid. 15, f. 21. 1957; Herb. Pl. Northeast China 1: 13, f. 14. 1958; Tagawa, Col. Ill. Jap. Pterid. 23, Pl. 6: 33. 1959, et in Hara, F. E. Hi-mal. 2: 197. 1971; Valentine in Fl. Europ. 1: 8. 1964; Davis, Fl. Turk. & E. Eage. Isl. 33. 1965; Ic. Corm. Sin. 1: 117, f. 233. 1972: Fl. Tsinling. 2: 24, Pl. 4: 1-4. 1974; C. N. Page in Fern Gaz. 11 (1): 31, f. 6. 1974; Y. L. Chang et al., SporaePterid. Sin. 51, pl. 5: 30-32, 1976: Fl. Jiangsu 1: 15. 1977; Fl. Henan 1: 10. f. 13. 1981; Nakaike, N. Fl. Jap. Pterid. 2, f. 2a-2c. 1982: a-c Fl. Xizang. 1: 31, f. 10: 3-5. 1983; Bartholomew et al. in Journ. Arn. Arb. 64 (1): 17. 1983; Dixit, CensusInd. Pterid. 19. 1984; Fl. Intramong. 1: 61, Pl. 4: 1-6. 1985; Kurata et Nakaike, Ill. Pterid. Jap. 4: 2. 1985: H. S. Kung, Fl. Sichuan. 6: 88, pl. 25: 3-5. 1988; Fl. Liaoning 1: 20, pl. 4. 1988; Fl. Shangdon 1: 25, f. 7. 1991; Fl. Xinjiang 1: 9, Pl. 2: 1-6. 1992; Nakaike et Malik in Cryp. Fl. Pakist. 1: 262. 1992: K. Iwats., FernsFern Allies Jap. 58, Pl. 14: 1-3. 1992; W. M. Chu et S. G. Lu in H. Li, Fl. Du-longjiang Reg. 3. 1993; Fl. Jiangxi 1: 40, f. 29. 1993; Fl. Zhejiang 1: 20, f. 1-22. 1993; Nakaike et Malik in Cryp. Fl. Pakist. 2: 318. 1993; Keys Vasc. Pl. Wuling Mts. 9. 1995. ——E. campestre Schultz in Prodr. Fr. Starg. Suppl. 1: 59. 1819. ——E. arvense L. var. campestre Milde in Bot. Zeitschr. 848. 1951; Christ in Bull. Acad. Ge-ogr. Bot. 11: 271. 1902: J. z. Wang in Journ. Hebei Forest Coll. 5 (2): 11. 1990. ——E. boreale Bong. in Mem. Acad. Sci. Petersb. 4 (2): 174. 1831. ——E. arzense L.var. boreale (Bong.) Rupr. Crypt. Vasc. Ross. 19. 1845; S. X. Li et J. Z. Wang, l. c. 22. ——E. arvense L. subsp. boreale (Bong.) A. Loeve in Matturufr. 18: 101. 1948. ——E. arvense L. var. ramulosum Rupr. Beitr. Pflanz. Russ. Reich. 3: 19. 1845; J. z. Wang, l. c. ——E. arzezse L. f. ramulosum (Rupr.) Klinge in Arch. Nat. Liv. Est. u. Curl. 11 (8): 369. 1882. ——E. arvense L. subsp. ramulosum (Rupr.) Rapp. in Amer. Fern J. 37: 21. 1947.
中小型植物。根茎斜升,直立和横走,黑棕色,节和根密生黄棕色长毛或光滑无毛。地上枝当年枯萎。枝二型。能育枝春季先萌发,高5-35厘米,中部直径3-5毫米,节间长2-6厘米,黄棕色,无轮茎分枝,脊不明显,要密纵沟;鞘筒栗棕色或淡黄色,长约0.8厘米,鞘齿9-12枚,栗棕色,长4-7毫米,狭三角形,鞘背仅上部有一浅纵沟,子散后能育枝枯萎。不育枝后萌发,高达40厘米,主枝中部直径1.5-3.0毫米,节间长2-3厘米,绿色,轮生分枝多,主枝中部以下有分枝。脊的背部弧形,无棱,有横纹,无小瘤;鞘筒狭长,绿色,鞘齿三角形,5-6枚,中间黑棕色,边缘膜质,淡棕色,宿存。侧枝柔软纤细,扁平状,有3-4条狭而高的脊,脊的背部有横纹;鞘齿3-5个,披针形,绿色,边缘膜质,宿存。孢子囊穗圆柱形,长1.8-4.0厘米,直径0.9-1.0厘米,顶端钝,成熟时柄伸长,柄长3-6厘米。
产黑龙江、吉林、辽宁、内蒙古、北京、天津、河北、山西、陕西、宁夏、甘肃、青海、新疆、山东、江苏、上海、安徽、浙江、江西、福建、河南、湖北、四川、重庆、贵州、云南、西藏。海拔0-3700米。日本、朝鲜半岛、喜马拉雅、俄罗斯、欧洲、北美洲有分布。
本种的不育枝外形似犬问荆E.palustre L.,但本种的侧枝多而纤细柔软,且较长,有锐背仅3-4条,背上有横纹。
|
|